Here Was One

No. 6

Tintern Abbey

Dear Reader,

Last Friday was Bastille Day, a French holiday that commemorates the storming of the infamous prison—the Bastille—on July 14, 1789, and the beginning of the French Revolution. In hindsight, it’s hard to overstate the influence of the Revolution on contemporary European artists and writers. Some saw it as the culmination of a terrible chaos that threatened established institutions. Others saw it as an inspiring, liberating movement undertaken by the French people, many of whom had lived in poverty and under the heel of oppression.

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) was a young man when the Revolution began; and while he sympathized with the French struggle for liberty, he quickly became disenchanted with the movement following the start of the Reign of Terror in 1793.

Five years later, Wordsworth published a collection of poems: Lyrical Ballads. As he would later explain in a preface to the second edition, the collection aimed to embody a more democratic view of poetry, which used common, everyday language (influenced no doubt by the democratic impulses of the early Revolution). The last poem of that collection was entitled “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, On Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour. July 13, 1798” (commonly called “Tintern Abbey”). Here are two stanzas from the poem, which describe Wordsworth’s experience revisiting a beautiful area of Wales called the Wye River Valley after a period of five years:

From “Tintern Abbey”

By William Wordsworth

These beauteous forms,

Through a long absence, have not been to me

As is a landscape to a blind man's eye:

But oft, in lonely rooms, and 'mid the din

Of towns and cities, I have owed to them,

In hours of weariness, sensations sweet,

Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart;

And passing even into my purer mind

With tranquil restoration:—feelings too

Of unremembered pleasure: such, perhaps,

As have no slight or trivial influence

On that best portion of a good man's life,

His little, nameless, unremembered, acts

Of kindness and of love. Nor less, I trust,

To them I may have owed another gift,

Of aspect more sublime; that blessed mood,

In which the burthen of the mystery,

In which the heavy and the weary weight

Of all this unintelligible world,

Is lightened:—that serene and blessed mood,

In which the affections gently lead us on,—

Until, the breath of this corporeal frame

And even the motion of our human blood

Almost suspended, we are laid asleep

In body, and become a living soul:

While with an eye made quiet by the power

Of harmony, and the deep power of joy,

We see into the life of things.

*****

And now, with gleams of half-extinguished thought,

With many recognitions dim and faint,

And somewhat of a sad perplexity,

The picture of the mind revives again:

While here I stand, not only with the sense

Of present pleasure, but with pleasing thoughts

That in this moment there is life and food

For future years. And so I dare to hope,

Though changed, no doubt, from what I was when first

I came among these hills; when like a roe

I bounded o'er the mountains, by the sides

Of the deep rivers, and the lonely streams,

Wherever nature led: more like a man

Flying from something that he dreads, than one

Who sought the thing he loved. For nature then

(The coarser pleasures of my boyish days

And their glad animal movements all gone by)

To me was all in all.—I cannot paint

What then I was. The sounding cataract

Haunted me like a passion: the tall rock,

The mountain, and the deep and gloomy wood,

Their colours and their forms, were then to me

An appetite; a feeling and a love,

That had no need of a remoter charm,

By thought supplied, nor any interest

Unborrowed from the eye.—That time is past,

And all its aching joys are now no more,

And all its dizzy raptures. Not for this

Faint I, nor mourn nor murmur; other gifts

Have followed; for such loss, I would believe,

Abundant recompense. For I have learned

To look on nature, not as in the hour

Of thoughtless youth; but hearing oftentimes

The still sad music of humanity,

Nor harsh nor grating, though of ample power

To chasten and subdue.—And I have felt

A presence that disturbs me with the joy

Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime

Of something far more deeply interfused,

Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns,

And the round ocean and the living air,

And the blue sky, and in the mind of man:

A motion and a spirit, that impels

All thinking things, all objects of all thought,

And rolls through all things. Therefore am I still

A lover of the meadows and the woods

And mountains; and of all that we behold

From this green earth; of all the mighty world

Of eye, and ear,—both what they half create,

And what perceive; well pleased to recognise

In nature and the language of the sense

The anchor of my purest thoughts, the nurse,

The guide, the guardian of my heart, and soul

Of all my moral being.

Background

“Tintern Abbey” does not mention the French Revolution directly. But the subtitle notes that Wordsworth visited the Wye River Valley the day before Bastille Day, and during the intervening five-year period between his travels, the Revolution had gone from a blissful dawn to a terrible nightmare. Disillusioned with what he saw as the failures of humanity, Wordsworth turned back to nature, which had held an enduring spell over him since his youth, and which would be a subject of much of his poetry.

What It Offers

Full disclosure: “Tintern Abbey” is my favorite poem. I even made a pilgrimage to the Wye River Valley in 2018, where my wife took this picture of the abbey that lent its name to the poem:

Yet while I’m biased, I don’t think any writer before or since has captured the moralizing power of nature quite like Wordsworth does in the excerpted stanzas.

Really, what he seizes on in this poem I think are two related feelings we often experience when in nature: (1) the wholeness of the universe; and (2) our smallness within it. Nothing will make you feel calmer and more unified—and your problems more trivial—than standing in a grove of hundred-year-old trees, or swimming in a river that predates civilization, or hiking in a canyon carved over millions of years by the forces of erosion. And experiencing that sublimity (in Wordsworth’s view and in mine) will make you humbler, more generous, and more open to what is around you.

Inherent in those feelings too—which Wordsworth certainly recognizes in “Tintern Abbey”—is the truth that all of this will pass away. The main project of being a human I think is learning to come to terms with that difficult fact, ideally with grace, consideration, and hope. For Wordsworth, nature provided the foundation for him to do so, even in spite of the “still sad music of humanity”—an oblique reference to the failures of Revolutionary France. But whether in nature or in poetry or in each other, it’s essential that all of us find a similar anchor for our moral being, so we too can find peace in the light of our own setting suns.

*****

What is the meaning of life? That was all—a simple question; one that tended to close in on one with years, the great revelation had never come. The great revelation perhaps never did come. Instead, there were little daily miracles, illuminations, matches struck unexpectedly in the dark; here was one.

Virginia Woolf